Complexity Unspecified, but generally linear in the resulting length of str. Iterator validity Any iterators, pointers and references related to str may be invalidated. Data races Both objects, is and str, are modified. Exception safety. With base point' command. This way you specify the base point in the copy command and don't let it select something for you. I actually have two buttons for copy and paste with base point preset to 0,0,0. The command is on the edit menu and on the right click menu. It is also available from Control+Shift+C.
- C++ Basics
- C++ Object Oriented
- C++ Advanced
- C++ Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
When we consider a C++ program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that communicate via invoking each other's methods. Let us now briefly look into what a class, object, methods, and instant variables mean.
- Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well as behaviors - wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
- Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the behaviors/states that object of its type support.
- Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods. It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the actions are executed.
- Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables.
C++ Program Structure
Let us look at a simple code that would print the words Hello World.
Let us look at the various parts of the above program −
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- The C++ language defines several headers, which contain information that is either necessary or useful to your program. For this program, the header <iostream> is needed.
- The line using namespace std; tells the compiler to use the std namespace. Namespaces are a relatively recent addition to C++.
- The next line '// main() is where program execution begins.' is a single-line comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of the line.
- The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins.
- The next line cout << 'Hello World'; causes the message 'Hello World' to be displayed on the screen.
- The next line return 0; terminates main( )function and causes it to return the value 0 to the calling process.
Compile and Execute C++ Program
Let's look at how to save the file, compile and run the program. Please follow the steps given below −
- Open a text editor and add the code as above.
- Save the file as: hello.cpp
- Open a command prompt and go to the directory where you saved the file.
- Type 'g++ hello.cpp' and press enter to compile your code. If there are no errors in your code the command prompt will take you to the next line and would generate a.out executable file.
- Now, type 'a.out' to run your program.
- You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed on the window.
Make sure that g++ is in your path and that you are running it in the directory containing file hello.cpp.
You can compile C/C++ programs using makefile. For more details, you can check our 'Makefile Tutorial'.
Semicolons and Blocks in C++
In C++, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity.
For example, following are three different statements −
A block is a set of logically connected statements that are surrounded by opening and closing braces. For example −
C++ does not recognize the end of the line as a terminator. For this reason, it does not matter where you put a statement in a line. For example −
Base Point Blank Dev C Pdf
is the same as
C++ Identifiers
A C++ identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C++ does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C++ is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C++.
Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −
C++ Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C++. These reserved words may not be used as constant or variable or any other identifier names.
asm | else | new | this |
auto | enum | operator | throw |
bool | explicit | private | true |
break | export | protected | try |
case | extern | public | typedef |
catch | false | register | typeid |
char | float | reinterpret_cast | typename |
class | for | return | union |
const | friend | short | unsigned |
const_cast | goto | signed | using |
continue | if | sizeof | virtual |
default | inline | static | void |
delete | int | static_cast | volatile |
do | long | struct | wchar_t |
double | mutable | switch | while |
dynamic_cast | namespace | template |
Trigraphs
A few characters have an alternative representation, called a trigraph sequence. A trigraph is a three-character sequence that represents a single character and the sequence always starts with two question marks.
Trigraphs are expanded anywhere they appear, including within string literals and character literals, in comments, and in preprocessor directives.
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Following are most frequently used trigraph sequences −
Trigraph | Replacement |
---|---|
??= | # |
??/ | |
??' | ^ |
??( | [ |
??) | ] |
??! | | |
??< | { |
??> | } |
??- | ~ |
All the compilers do not support trigraphs and they are not advised to be used because of their confusing nature.
Whitespace in C++
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and C++ compiler totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in C++ to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins.
Statement 1
In the above statement there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them.
Statement 2
In the above statement 2, no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish for readability purpose.
- C++ Basics
- C++ Object Oriented
- C++ Advanced
- C++ Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This C++ tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++ for beginners to advanded software engineers.
Why to Learn C++
C++ is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning C++:
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- C++ is very close to hardware, so you get a chance to work at a low level which gives you lot of control in terms of memory management, better performance and finally a robust software development.
- C++ programming gives you a clear understanding about Object Oriented Programming. You will understand low level implementation of polymorphism when you will implement virtual tables and virtual table pointers, or dynamic type identification.
- C++ is one of the every green programming languages and loved by millions of software developers. If you are a great C++ programmer then you will never sit without work and more importantly you will get highly paid for your work.
- C++ is the most widely used programming languages in application and system programming. So you can choose your area of interest of software development.
- C++ really teaches you the difference between compiler, linker and loader, different data types, storage classes, variable types their scopes etc.
There are 1000s of good reasons to learn C++ Programming. But one thing for sure, to learn any programming language, not only C++, you just need to code, and code and finally code until you become expert.
Hello World using C++
Just to give you a little excitement about C++ programming, I'm going to give you a small conventional C++ Hello World program, You can try it using Demo link
C++ is a super set of C programming with additional implementation of object-oriented concepts.
There are many C++ compilers available which you can use to compile and run above mentioned program:
- Apple C++. Xcode
- Bloodshed Dev-C++
- Clang C++
- Cygwin (GNU C++)
- Mentor Graphics
- MINGW - 'Minimalist GNU for Windows'
- GNU CC source
- IBM C++
- Intel C++
- Microsoft Visual C++
- Oracle C++
- HP C++
It is really impossible to give a complete list of all the available compilers. The C++ world is just too large and too much new is happening.
Applications of C++ Programming
As mentioned before, C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages. It has it's presence in almost every area of software development. I'm going to list few of them here:
- Application Software Development - C++ programming has been used in developing almost all the major Operating Systems like Windows, Mac OSX and Linux. Apart from the operating systems, the core part of many browsers like Mozilla Firefox and Chrome have been written using C++. C++ also has been used in developing the most popular database system called MySQL.
- Programming Languages Development - C++ has been used extensively in developing new programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, UNIX’s C Shell, PHP and Python, and Verilog etc.
- Computation Programming - C++ is the best friends of scientists because of fast speed and computational efficiencies.
- Games Development - C++ is extremely fast which allows programmers to do procedural programming for CPU intensive functions and provides greater control over hardware, because of which it has been widely used in development of gaming engines.
- Embedded System - C++ is being heavily used in developing Medical and Engineering Applications like softwares for MRI machines, high-end CAD/CAM systems etc.
This list goes on, there are various areas where software developers are happily using C++ to provide great softwares. I highly recommend you to learn C++ and contribute great softwares to the community.
Audience
This C++ tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to C++.
Prerequisites
Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this C++ tutorial,we are making an assumption that you are already aware of the basics of computer program and computer programming language.